ABSTRACT Objective: The study sought to determine the clinical features of hyperparathyroid-induced hypercalcemic crisis (HIHC) along with treatment options and outcomes. Subjects and methods: This is a retrospective analysis of our historical cohort of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Patients were divided in groups according to their calcium levels and clinical presentation. HIHC (group 1) was assumed when patients had high calcium levels and needed emergency hospitalization. Group 2 was composed of patients with calcium levels above 16 mg/dL or patients who needed hospitalization for classical PHPT symptoms. Group 3 was composed of clinically stable patients with calcium levels between 14 and 16 mg/dL, who were electively treated. Results: Twenty-nine patients had calcium levels above 14 mg/dL. HIHC group had seven patients, and initial clinical measures had good response in two patients, moderate response in one patient, and poor response in four patients. All poor responders underwent immediate surgery, and one of them died due to HIHC complications. Group 2 had nine patients, and all were successfully treated during hospitalization. Group 3 had 13 patients, and all had a successful elective surgery. Conclusion: HIHC is a life-threatening condition that requires fast clinical intervention. Surgery is the only definitive treatment and should be planned for all patients. Poor response to initial clinical measures should direct treatment toward surgery to avoid disease progression and clinical deterioration.

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prognostic factors to developing parotid and neck metastasis in locally advanced and relapsed Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) of the head and neck region. Methods: Single-center retrospective cohort study enrolling consecutive patients with advanced CSCC from 2009 to 2019. Seventy-four cases were identified. Study variables demographic data, clinical skin tumor stage, neck stage, parotid stage (P stage), surgical treatment features, and parotid, regional, and distant metastases. Survival measures: Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Specific Survival (DSS). Results: The study group included 72.9% men (median age, 67 years); 67.5% showed T2/T3 tumors, 90.5% comorbidities, 20.2% immunosuppressed, with median follow-up: 35.8 months. The most frequent skin primary were auricular and eyelid regions, 75% underwent primary resection with flap reconstruction. Parotid metastasis was present in 50%, 32.4% showing parotid extracapsular spread, multivariate analysis found OR = 37.6 of positive parotid metastasis evolving into positive neck metastasis, p = 0.001. Occult neck metastasis, neck metastasis, and neck extracapsular spread were observed in 13.5%, 51.3%, and 37.8%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival: Clinical T4 versus T1, p = 0.028, P1 stage: 30% and 5% survival at 5 and 10 years, P3 stage: 0%, p = 0.016; OS and DSS showed negative survival for the parotid metastasis group, p = 0.0283. Conclusion: Our outcomes support a surgically aggressive approach for locally advanced and relapsed CSCC, with partial parotidectomy for P0, total parotidectomy for P1–3, selective I–III neck dissection for all patients and adjuvant radiochemotherapy to appropriately treat these patients with advanced CSCC of the head and neck region. Level of evidence: II b – Retrospective Cohort Study – Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM).

Resumo Objetivo: Bócios e nódulos benignos detectados na tireoide são lesões em crescimento e a pandemia de Covid-19 impactou negativamente seu tratamento cirúrgico. A seleção adequada de pacientes para o tratamento vai melhorar o estado geral de saúde. Esta revisão de artigos se concentrará no impacto da pandemia de Covid-19 no tratamento de condições benignas da glândula tireoide e suas implicações. Método: Esta revisão evidenciou a situação do sistema de saúde em países em desenvolvimento e os problemas para tratar doenças cirúrgicas benignas da tireoide. Aspectos da epidemiologia, incidência, apresentação clínica e tratamento cirúrgico do bócio, impacto econômico e no estado de saúde foram relatados. Resultados: Todos os tratamentos cirúrgicos de bócio e outras condições benignas foram adiados, forçados a se redirecionar e a remarcar todas as cirurgias benignas, situação agravada pela má gestão pública e fechamento de leitos hospitalares. Essas condições têm causado deterioração do estado de saúde física (doença da tireoide descompensada) e mental dos pacientes, aumentam as incapacidades para o trabalho e sobrecarregando a sociedade e o custo social e de saúde. A situação geral pode ser catastrófica em países emergentes, onde esse aumento dos gastos sociais relacionados à doença sob tratamento cirúrgico pode aumentar o risco de empobrecimento nacional à medida que aumenta o custo do tratamento. A Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço forneceu algumas recomendações e novas sugestões foram feitas para tratar com segurança essas condições cirúrgicas de alto risco potencial. Conclusão: As cirurgias para bócio e condições benignas da tireoide podem ser feitas durante a pandemia de Covid-19, se forem seguidos rigorosos protocolos de segurança para o paciente e equipe médica, o que reduz o impacto negativo na economia e na saúde do paciente.

Abstract Objective: Goiters and benign nodules detected in the thyroid are growing lesions and the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted on their surgical treatment. The appropriate selection of patients to treatment will improve the overall health status. This article review will focus on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on treatment of benign conditions of the thyroid gland and their implications. Methods: This review pointed out the status of the health system in developing country and the problems to treat benign surgical diseases of thyroid. Aspects of epidemiology, incidence, clinical presentation and surgical treatment of goiters, economic and health status impact were cited. Results: All surgical treatment of goiter and other benign conditions were postponed, forced to redirect, and reschedule all benign surgeries, situation aggravated by poor public management and closure of hospital beds. These conditions have caused deterioration in patients’ physical (decompensated thyroid disease) and mental health status, increasing work disabilities and burdening society by increasing the social and health cost. The overall situation could be catastrophic in emergent countries where this increased disease-related social expenditure on surgical treatment may increase the risk of national impoverishment as increase the treatment cost. Brazilian Society Head and Neck Surgery related some recommendations and new suggestions were made to safely treat these high potential hazard surgical conditions. Conclusions: Surgeries for goiter and benign thyroid conditions can be performed during the COVID-19 pandemic, following strict safety protocols for the patient and the medical team, reducing the negative economic and on patient health impact.

ABSTRACT Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a hypercalcemic disorder that occurs when one or more parathyroid glands produces excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH). PHPT is typically treated with surgery, and it remains the only definitive therapy, whose techniques have evolved over previous decades. Advances in preoperative localization exams and the intraoperative PTH monitoring have become the cornerstones of recent parathyroidectomy techniques, as minimally invasive techniques are appropriate for most patients. Nevertheless, these techniques, are not suitable for PHPT patients who are at risk for multiglandular disease, especially in those who present with familial forms of PHPT that require bilateral neck exploration. This manuscript also explores other conditions that warrant special consideration during surgical treatment for PHPT: normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism, pregnancy, reoperation for persistent or recurrent PHPT, parathyroid carcinoma, and familial and genetic forms of hyperparathyroidism.

Resumo Introdução O tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatireoidismo relacionado à doença renal crônica é um verdadeiro desafio para a saúde pública brasileira. Medicamentos de alto custo e longas filas de espera para exames pré‐operatórios, principalmente a cintilografia com tecnécio Tc‐99m Sestamibi, MIBI, são alguns dos motivos. Apesar da contribuição de exames de localização ser questionável nesse cenário, os médicos ficam muito apreensivos por fazer uma cirurgia sem ele. Objetivo Avaliar a eficácia da cirurgia para hiperparatireoidismo renal sem o MIBI pré‐operatório. Método Foram tratados cirurgicamente 114 pacientes. A paratireoidectomia total com autotransplante e a paratireoidectomia subtotal foram feitas sem MIBI pré‐operatório. Resultados e conclusão Entre os 114 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia, 37 apresentavam hiperparatireoidismo secundário em reposição dialítica e 77 doença persistente pós‐transplante renal. Tivemos sucesso em 107 casos, com apenas 7 falhas (93,8% de taxa de sucesso). Entre essas falhas, uma glândula paratireoide não foi encontrada em 4 casos, 2 glândulas paratireoides não foram encontradas em 2 casos e em um paciente as 4 glândulas foram encontradas, mas ele permaneceu hipercalcêmico com diagnóstico pós‐operatório de glândula paratireoide supranumerária. A cirurgia para tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo renal mostrou‐se um procedimento eficaz (93,8%) e reprodutível mesmo sem MIBI.

Abstract Introduction Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism related to chronic kidney disease is a real challenge for Brazilian public health care. High cost medications and long waiting lines to perform preoperative exams, especially technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi (MIBI) are some of the reasons. Despite the reality that the aid of localization exams are questionable in this scenario, doctors are too apprehensive in performing surgery without it. Objective The study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism without preoperative MIBI. Methods A total of 114 patients were surgically treated. Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation and subtotal parathyroidectomy were carried out without preoperative MIBI. Results and conclusion Among the 114 patients undergoing surgery, 37 had secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis replacement, and 77 patients had post-renal transplant persistent disease. We were successful in 107 cases with only 7 failures (93.8% of success rate). Among these failures, only one parathyroid gland was not found in 4 cases, 2 parathyroid glands were not found in 2 cases and in 1 patient the 4 glands were found but this patient remained hypercalcemic and a postoperative diagnosis of supernumerary parathyroid gland was made. Surgery for treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism proved to be an effective (93.8%) and reproductible procedure, even without MIBI.

ABSTRACT Objective To measure type 1 serum amino-terminal propeptide procollagen (P1NP) and type 1 cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide collagen (CTX) before parathyroidectomy (PTX) in PHPT patients, correlating these measurements with bone mineral density (BMD) changes. Subjects and methods 31 primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTP) were followed from diagnosis up to 12-18 months after surgery. Serum levels of calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) vitamin D, CTX, P1NP, and BMD were measured before and 1 year after surgery. Results One year after PTX, the mean BMD increased by 8.6%, 5.5%, 5.5%, and 2.2% in the lumbar spine, femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and distal third of the nondominant radius (R33%), respectively. There was a significant correlation between BMD change 1 year after the PTX and CTX (L1-L4: r = 0.614, p < 0.0003; FN: r = 0.497, p < 0.0051; TH: r = 0.595, p < 0.0005; R33%: r = 0.364, p < 0.043) and P1NP (L1-L4: r = 0,687, p < 0,0001; FN: r = 0,533, p < 0,0024; TH: r = 0,642, p < 0,0001; R33%: r = 0,467, p < 0,0079) preoperative levels. The increase in 25(OH)D levels has no correlation with BMD increase (r = -0.135; p = 0.4816). On linear regression, a minimum preoperative CTX value of 0.331 ng/mL or P1NP of 37.9 ng/mL was associated with a minimum 4% increase in L1-L4 BMD. In TH, minimum preoperative values of 0.684 ng/mL for CTX and 76.0 ng/mL for P1NP were associated with a ≥ 4% increase in BMD. Conclusion PHPT patients presented a significant correlation between preoperative levels of turnover markers and BMD improvement 1 year after PTX.

RESUMO Introdução: O tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatireoidismo relacionado à doença renal crônica é um procedimento desafiador mesmo para cirurgiões de paratireoide experientes. Ao longo dos anos, técnicas adjuvantes foram desenvolvidas para ajudar a equipe clínica a aprimorar os desfechos cirúrgicos. Contudo, as equipes clínicas de países mais pobres têm menor acesso a tais técnicas, o que faz com que a eficácia da cirurgia nesses contextos não seja tão evidente. Objetivo: Verificar a eficácia da cirurgia para tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo relacionado à doença renal crônica, sem técnicas adjuvantes. Métodos: Ao longo de período de cinco anos, pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo cujo tratamento clínico não resultou em melhora foram avaliados para resolução cirúrgica. Os procedimentos selecionados foram paratireoidectomia total com enxerto autólogo ou ressecção subtotal. As cirurgias foram realizadas em um hospital terciário no Brasil sem o auxílio de algumas das técnicas adjuvantes geralmente aplicadas, como exame de congelação, monitorização neurofisiológica e sonda gama. Exames intraoperatórios de PTH e pré-operatório de localização foram realizados, mas com grandes restrições. Resultados: Um total de 518 pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo (128 secundários e 390 terciários) foram tratados cirurgicamente. Paratireoidectomia total foi realizada em 81,5% e subtotal em 12,4% dos casos; 61% dos pacientes apresentaram falha cirúrgica. De todas as falhas, apenas 1,4% necessitaram de uma segunda cirurgia, totalizando 98,6% de sucesso no tratamento cirúrgico inicial. Hematoma cervical e paralisia unilateral de prega vocal ocorreram em 1,9% e 1,5% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Conclusão: A paratireoidectomia é um procedimento cirúrgico seguro e reprodutível, mesmo na ausência de técnicas adjuvantes.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism related to chronic kidney disease is a challenging procedure even for experienced parathyroid surgeons. Over the years, adjuvant techniques have been developed to assist the medical team to improve surgical outcomes. However, medical staff in poor countries have less access to these techniques and the effectiveness of surgery in this context is unclear. Objective: verify the effectiveness of surgery for treatment of hyperparathyroidism related to chronic kidney disease without adjuvant techniques. Methods: Over a 5-years period, patients with hyperparathyroidism that had clinical therapeutic failure were evaluated for surgical treatment. Total parathyroidectomy with autograft or subtotal resection were the selected procedures. Surgeries were performed in a tertiary hospital in Brazil without the assistance of some of the adjuvant techniques that are usually applied, such as frozen section, nerve monitoring, and gamma probe. Intraoperative PTH and localization pre-operative exams were applied, but with huge restrictions. Results: A total of 518 patients with hyperparathyroidism (128 secondary and 390 tertiary) were surgically treated. Total parathyroidectomy were performed in 81.5%, subtotal in 12.4%, and 61% of patients had a surgical failure. Of all failures, only 1.4% needed a second surgery totaling 98.6% of successful initial surgical treatment. Neck hematoma and unilateral focal fold paralysis occurred in 1.9% and 1.5%, respectively. Conclusion: parathyroidectomy is a safe and reproducible surgical procedure even in the absence of adjuvant techniques.

RESUMO Objetivo: estudar a condroradionecrose de laringe por complicação de radio-quimioterapia para tratamento do câncer de laringe e propor um fluxograma de tratamento com a utilização de câmara hiperbárica. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de pacientes portadores de carcinoma de laringe admitidos em dois hospitais terciários num período de cinco anos. Resultados: de 131 pacientes portadores de câncer de laringe, 28 foram submetidos à radio e quimioterapia exclusiva e destes, três evoluíram com condroradionecrose. O tratamento destes pacientes foi realizado com câmara hiperbárica e com desbridamento cirúrgico, conforme proposição do fluxograma. Todos os pacientes tiveram a laringe preservada. Conclusão: a incidência de condroradionecrose de laringe por complicação de radioterapia e quimioterapia em nossa casuística foi de 10,7% e o tratamento com oxigenoterapia hiperbárica, com base no nosso fluxograma, foi efetivo no controle desta complicação.

ABSTRACT Objective: to study larynx chondroradionecrosis related to radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment and provide a treatment flowchart. Methods: retrospective study with clinical data analysis of all larynx cancer patients admitted in a two tertiary hospital in a five years period. Results: from 131 patients treated for larynx cancer, 28 underwent chemoradiotherapy with curative intent and three of them presented chondroradionecrosis. They were treated with hiperbaric oxigen therapy and surgical debridment following our flowchart, preserving the larynx in all. Conclusions: the incidence of chondroradionecrosis as a complication of chemoradiotherapy in our series was 10,7% and the treatment with hiperbaric oxigen therapy, based in our flowchart, was effective to control this complication.

Introdução: o objetivo deste estudo experimental in vitro foi comparar a as propriedades elásticas da relação carga/deflexão para fios de diferentes lotes de uma mesma marca comercial. Métodos: foram selecionados quarenta segmentos de arcos de níquel-titânio superelástico (NiTi) (Morelli Ortodontia, Sorocaba/SP, Brasil), com diâmetro de 0,016". Os grupos foram ordenados de acordo com os lotes (lotes 1, 2, 3 e 4). Foram utilizados segmentos com 28mm de comprimento da parte reta (extremidades) dos arcos pré-contornados. Os testes de deflexão foram realizados em uma máquina universal de ensaios EMIC, com célula de carga de 5N e velocidade de 1mm/minuto. A força durante a desativação foi registrada nas deflexões de 0,5; 1; 2 e 3mm. O teste de Análise da Variância (ANOVA) foi utilizado para comparar diferenças entre as médias dos grupos. Resultados: na comparação de força dos lotes em um mesmo ponto de deflexão (3, 2 e 1mm), durante a desativação, não houve diferenças estatísticas. Conclusões: não ocorre alteração nas propriedades elásticas em diferentes lotes da mesma marca. Assim, o uso de diferentes lotes dos fios ortodônticos utilizados nesta pesquisa não comprometeu o resultado final da relação carga/deflexão.

Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the elastic properties of the load-deflection ratio of orthodontic wires of different lot numbers and the same commercial brand. Methods: A total of 40 nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire segments (Morelli OrtodontiaTM - Sorocaba, SP, Brazil), 0.016-in in diameter were used. Groups were sorted according to lot numbers (lots 1, 2, 3 and 4). 28-mm length segments from the straight portion (ends) of archwires were used. Deflection tests were performed in an EMIC universal testing machine with 5-N load cell at 1 mm/minute speed. Force at deactivation was recorded at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mm deflection. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences between group means. Results: When comparing the force of groups at the same deflection (3, 2 and 1 mm), during deactivation, no statistical differences were found. Conclusion: There are no changes in the elastic properties of different lots of the same commercial brand; thus, the use of different lots of the orthodontic wires used in this research does not compromise the final outcomes of the load-deflection ratio.

INTRODUÇÃO: Diversos métodos têm sido propostos com intuito de melhorar índices de sucesso cirúrgico no tratamento do hiperparatiroidismo associado à doença renal crônica (DRC). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar uso do estereomicroscópio na seleção de tecido paratiroideano na paratiroidectomia total com autoimplante em pacientes com DRC. MÉTODOS: 118 pacientes DRC operados entre 04/2000-10/2009 foram divididos em: G1-66 pacientes operados entre 04/2000-05/2005 cuja seleção de tecido foi realizada por método convencional (macroscopia); G2-52 pacientes operados entre 03/2008-10/2009, cuja seleção de tecido foi realizada com uso da estereomicroscopia: Leica-Stereomicroscope (amplificação: 10×-80×). Pacientes foram ainda categorizados em hiperparatiroidismo secundário (HPS) ou terciário (HPT) (HPS-diálise/HPT-transplantados renais). Seguimento pós-operatório: 12-36 meses. PTH intraoperatório medido 100/118 pacientes (84.7%). Todos pacientes foram operados pelo mesmo cirurgião. RESULTADOS: Dados em média. G1, 66 pacientes (38 HPS, 24f/14m; 40 anos; 28 HPT, 14f/14m; 44 anos). G2, 52 pacientes (29 HPS, 11f/18m; 50,7 anos; 23 HPT, 13f/10m; 44,4 anos). Pacientes dialíticos do G2 apresentaram cálcio pré-operatório maior que G1 (p < 0,05), sugerindo doença mais severa. Hipoparatiroidismo definitivo: 7/118 (5,9%) pacientes: G1, 4/66 (6%); G2, 3/52 (5,7%). Recorrência do hiperparatiroidismo no autoimplante: 4 pacientes, 2 em cada grupo. Todas foram em pacientes em diálise. CONCLUSÃO: Estereomicroscopia no tratamento do hiperparatiroidismo associado à DRC é útil na padronização da técnica de seleção de tecido para o autoimplante.

INTRODUCTION: Several methods have been proposed to improve operative success in renal hyperparathyroidism. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate stereomicroscopy in parathyroid tissue selection for total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation in secondary (SHPT)/tertiary (THPT) hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: 118 renal patients underwent surgery from April of 2000 to October 2009. They were divided into two groups: G1, 66 patients operated from April of 2000 to May of 2005, with tissue selection based on macroscopic observation; G2, 52 patients operated from March of 2008 to October 2009 with stereomicroscopy for tissue selection searching for the presence of adipose cells. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon. Patients presented SHPT (dialysis treatment) or THPT (renal-grafted). Follow-up was 12-36 months. Intra-operative parathyroid hormone (PTH) was measured in 100/118 (84.7%) patients. RESULTS: Data are presented as means. G1 included 66 patients (38 SHPT, 24 females/14 males; 40.0 years of age; 28 THPT, 14 females/14 males; 44 years of age). G2 included 52 patients (29 SHPT, 11 females/18 males; 50.7 years of age; 23 THPT, 13 females/10 males, 44.4 years of age). SHPT patients from G2 presented preoperative serum calcium higher than those of SHPT patients in G1 (p < 0.05), suggesting a more severe disease. Definitive hypoparathyroidism was found in seven of 118 patients (5.9%). Graft-dependent recurrence occurred in four patients, two in each group. All occurred in dialysis patients. CONCLUSION: Stereomicroscopy in SHPT/THPT surgical treatment may be a useful tool to standardize parathyroid tissue selection.

Introdução: O hiperparatireoidismo é uma consequência metabólica esperada na doença renal crônica (DRC). Paratireoides (PT) ectópicas e/ou supranumerárias podem ser causa de falha cirúrgica nos pacientes submetidos à paratireoidectomia total (PTX). Objetivo: Definir cirurgicamente a localização das PT, em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo associado à DRC, e correlacionar esses achados com os exames pré-operatórios. Materiais e métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo retrospectivo com 166 pacientes submetidos à PTX. A localização das PT no intraoperatório foi registrada, sendo classificada como tópica ou ectópica. A localização pré-operatória, definida pela ultrassonografia (USG) e pela cintilografia Tc99m-Sestamibi (MIBI), foi comparada com aos achados cirúrgicos. Resultados: Nos 166 pacientes, foram identificadas 664 PT. Foram classificadas como tópicas e ectópicas 577 (86,4%) e 91(13,6%) glândulas, respectivamente. Oito PT supranumerárias foram encontradas (7 tópicas e 1 ectópica). As localizações mais comuns de PT ectópicas foram as regiões retroesofágica e tímica. Associadas, a USG e a MIBI não identificaram 56 glândulas (61,5%) ectópicas. Entretanto, a MIBI foi positiva para 69,7% daquelas localizadas nas regiões tímicas e mediastinal. Conclusão: A presença de glândulas ectópicas e supranumerárias em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo associado à DRC é significativa. Os exames de imagem pré-operatórios não localizaram a maioria das glândulas ectópicas. A MIBI pode ter importância na identificação de PT nas regiões tímica e mediastinal.

Introduction: Hyperparathyroidism is an expected metabolic consequence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ectopic and/or supernumerary parathyroid glands (PT) may be the cause of surgical failure in patients undergoing total parathyroidectomy (PTX). Aim: To define the locations of ectopic and supernumerary PT in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism and to correlate intraoperative findings with preoperative tests. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted with 166 patients submitted to PTX. The location of PT during surgery was recorded and classified as eutopic or ectopic. The preoperative localizations of PT found by ultrasonography (USG) and Tc99m-Sestamibi scintigraphy (MIBI) were subsequently compared with intraoperative findings. Results: In the 166 patients studied, 664 PT were found. Five-hundred-seventy-seven (86.4%) glands were classified as eutopic and 91(13.6%) as ectopic. Eight supernumerary PT were found. The most common sites of ectopic PT were in the retroesophageal and thymic regions. Taken together, USG and MIBI did not identify 56 (61.5%) ectopic glands. MIBI was positive for 69,7% of all ectopic glands located in the mediastinal and thymic regions. Conclusion: The presence of ectopic and supernumerary PT in patients with renal hyperparathyroidism is significant. Although preoperative imaging tests did not locate most of ectopic glands, MIBI may be important for identifying ectopic PT in the mediastinal and thymic regions.

Avaliamos medida de PTH intraoperatório (IO-PTH) no intuito de melhorar índices de sucesso no tratamento cirúrgico do hiperparatiroidismo associado à doença renal. MÉTODO: Oitenta e seis pacientes realizaram paratiroidectomia total com autoimplante em musculatura pré-esternal entre abril de 2000 e outubro de 2009 com 26,5 meses de seguimento em média, prospectivo. Foram divididos em dois grupos: hiperparatiroidismo secundário (HPS) - pacientes em diálise e hiperparatiroidismo terciário (HPT) - transplantados renais. Medido IO-PTH (Elecsys-PTH-Immunoassay/Roche) na indução anestésica (IOPTH-0') e 20 minutos (IOPTH-20') após a retirada das paratireoides. RESULTADOS: 80,2% (69/86) do total de pacientes apresentaram queda de 80% ou mais do IOPTH-20' e todos se curaram. Em 11/86 (12,7%) pacientes, foi observada queda entre 70-79%, sendo que dois (18,1%) deles evoluíram com falha cirúrgica. 6/86 (6,9%) pacientes apresentaram redução de IOPTH-20' menor do que 70%: dois foram curados; três apresentaram paratireoide supranumerária/ectópica que foi localizada e removida; um paciente evoluiu com persistência da doença após término da cirurgia com a retirada de quatro paratireoides. CONCLUSÃO: Queda do IOPTH-20' de 80% ou mais foi preditor de cura em todos os pacientes renais durante o período avaliado. Redução menor que 70% sugere paratireoide hiperfuncionante não reconhecida/supranumerária, sendo preditor de falha cirúrgica em 66.6%. A queda marginal de 70%-79% delega ao cirurgião experiente a decisão de continuar ou não o procedimento cirúrgico.

In order to improve success rates in surgery of renal hyperparathyroidism, we evaluated intraoperative PTH (IOPTH) measurement utility. METHOD: 86 patients underwent total parathyroidectomy with intramuscular presternal autotransplantation from 04/2000 to 10/2009 and were followed for 26.5 months on average (prospective cohort). Patients were divided in secondary (SHPT) and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT). SHPT group was composed by patients under dialysis treatment, THPT group included renal grafted ones. IOPTH (Elecsys-PTH-Immunoassay/Roche) was measured at anesthesia induction (IOPTH-0') and 20 minutes (IOPTH-20') after parathyroidectomy. RESULTS: 80.2% (69/86) presented with 80% decrease or more in the IOPTH-20' and all were cured. In 11/86 patients (12.7%), a lower IOPTH-20' drop (70-79%) was observed, and 2 of them (18.1%) failed to cure. 6/86 (6.9%) patients presented IO-PTH-20' decrease of less than 70%: two were cured, in three a supernumerary/ectopic parathyroid was found and removed, and in one of these six patients, surgery was finished after 4-gland excision and the patient failure to cure. CONCLUSION: IOPTH-20' decrease of 80% or more compared to IOPTH-0' predicts cure in all renal patients throughout follow-up. A decay of less than 70% points to missed or hyperfunctioning supernumerary gland and is predictive of surgical failure in 66.6%. A marginal IOPTH drop of 70-79% leaves the decision whether or not surgery should be continued up to the experienced surgeon.

OBJETIVO: avaliar in vitro a resistência ao cisalhamento de compósitos autopolimerizáveis (Concise e Alpha Plast) e fotopolimerizáveis (Transbond XT e Natural Ortho) utilizados na colagem de braquetes metálicos da marca Morelli, analisando o índice de adesivo remanescente (ARI) e da integridade da superfície do esmalte por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 40 pré-molares humanos extraídos. As raízes dos dentes foram incluídas em gesso-pedra especial, no interior de tubos de PVC usados para a confecção dos corpos de prova. Esses corpos de prova foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo G1, braquetes associados ao compósito Concise; grupo G2, braquetes associados ao compósito Alpha Plast; grupo G3, braquetes associados ao compósito Transbond XT; e grupo G4, braquetes associados ao compósito Natural Ortho. Os grupos foram submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento em máquina universal de ensaios, a uma velocidade de 0,5mm por minuto. RESULTADOS: houve diferença estatística entre os grupos G3 e G4, sendo os valores de G4 superiores; no entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos G1, G2 e G3 e G1, G2 e G4. Na análise do ARI não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, predominando escores baixos. De acordo com a análise da MEV, constatou-se o rompimento dos compósitos e a integridade do esmalte entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: a resistência ao cisalhamento foi satisfatória e semelhante entre os compósitos utilizados, sendo que a resina Natural Ortho apresentou-se superior à Transbond XT.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in vitro, the shear bond strength of self-curing (ConciseTM - 3M and Alpha Plast - DFL) and light-curing composites (TransbondTM XT - 3M and Natural Ortho - DFL) used in orthodontics bonding, associated to Morelli metal brackets, with further analysis of adhesive remnant index (ARI) and enamel condition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Forty human premolars, just extracted and stored in physiologic solution 0.9 % were used. Randomly, these samples were divided in four groups: G1 group, the brackets were bonded with ConciseTM - 3M composite; in G2 group, Alpha Plast - DFL composite was used; in G3 group, TransbondTM XT - 3M was used; in G4 group, Natural Ortho - DFL composite was used. These groups were submitted to shear strength tests in universal testing machine, at 0.5 mm per minute speed. RESULTS: Statistical difference between G3 and G4 groups was recorded, as G4 showing higher strength resistance than G3. In the other hand, there were no statistical differences between G1, G2 and G3 and G1, G2 and G4 groups. ARI analysis showed that there was no statistical difference between the groups, and low scores were recorded among then. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the debonding spots and the enamel surface integrity. CONCLUSIONS: Shear bond strength was satisfactory and similar between the composites, however Natural Ortho - DFL revealed best comparing to TransbondTM XT - 3M.

O presente artigo descreve o relato de dois pacientes com carcinoma de paratiroide que apresentavam valores intensamente elevados de cálcio sérico e de PTH, associado a doença óssea e presença de nódulo cervical palpável ao diagnóstico. Ambos foram submetidos à paratiroidectomia, sendo que um evoluiu com metástases pulmonares. Hipocalcemia importante foi observada após a paratiroidectomia em um paciente e somente após remoção cirúrgica das metástases pulmonares em outro. Ambos necessitaram de reposição endovenosa de cálcio, revelando, assim, o estado de fome óssea (FO). A presença da FO usualmente reflete rápida mineralização óssea após correção do hiperparatiroidismo; assim, quanto mais severa a doença óssea previa à cirurgia, maior será a FO observada no pós-operatório desses pacientes. Embora inicialmente considerada um evento indesejável, a FO representa a bem-sucedida remoção cirúrgica do tecido paratiroideano hipersecretor. Fome óssea deve ser esperada no pós-operatório do tratamento cirúrgico bem-sucedido do carcinoma de paratiroide.

We hereby report two patients with parathyroid carcinoma presenting extremely high calcium and PTH levels, severe bone disease, and palpable neck mass at diagnosis. They both underwent parathyroidectomy, and one of them evolved to lung metastasis. Important hypocalcemia was observed after surgery in both: after parathyroidectomy in one patient, and only after surgical removal of the metastasis in the other. Both required intravenous calcium replacement, thus revealing hungry bone syndrome (HBS). HBS usually reflects rapid mineralization after correction of hyperparathyroidism. The more severe the bone disease before surgery, the more prone the patient is to HBS after surgery. Despite being an unfavorable outcome, HBS state suggests that surgical removal of hypersecretory parathyroid tissue was accomplished. In this study, HBS was observed in both patients, who presented severe bone disease prior to surgery. HBS would be expected post-operatively in successful parathyroid carcinoma removal.